The gallbladder is a small, green sac with thin walls situated beneath the liver, positioned within the primary liver Scissura at the junction where the right and left lobes of the liver meet. Choledocholithiasis is characterized by the presence or development of gallstones in the common bile duct (CBD) [1, 2]. For quite some time, cholecystectomy has been regarded as a safe surgical procedure. However, its potential secondary effects have often been disregarded, despite the fact that the gallbladder plays a pivotal role as a ’controller,’ working in harmony with essential pathways that regulate metabolic balance [3, 4].

The majority of gallstone patients typically present with intense abdominal pain, necessitating further examinations and medical attention. For many of these patients, surgical intervention becomes necessary once symptoms manifest. When the gallbladder is removed, bile from the liver directly flows into the upper section of the intestine. Consequently, bile acids (BAs) circulate more rapidly, leading to increased exposure of the intrahepatic system to a higher flux of BAs. It’s important to note that lipid and bile acid metabolisms are functionally interconnected [5, 6].

Therefore, based on the evidence provided above, this study was initiated to evaluate the serum lipid profile in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

The current study was carried out within the Department of General Surgery. It involved the evaluation of both preoperative and postoperative lipid profiles of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Prior to commencing the study, ethical approval was obtained from the institutional ethical committee, and written consent was acquired from all patients after providing a comprehensive explanation of the research protocol.

A total of 60 patients diagnosed with gallstones were included in this study. Exclusion criteria for this study were as follows:

• patients with evidence of gallbladder malignancy,
• patients with diabetes or hypertension,
• patients with a history of any metabolic disorder,
• patients with a known allergy to any medications,
• patients experiencing acute abdominal pain at the time of enrollment.

The study protocol involved a comprehensive assessment of all patients’ medical histories. Additionally, a preoperative physical examination was conducted for each patient. Two hours prior to surgery, preoperative blood samples were collected from all patients under sterile conditions to evaluate their lipid profile. The surgical procedure, laparoscopic cholecystectomy, was performed by skilled and experienced surgeons for all patients. Postoperatively, blood samples were obtained one week after the surgery and sent to the laboratory for the assessment of the postoperative lipid profile. The various serum lipid parameters analyzed included: Total cholesterol (TC), High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), Triglycerides (TGs). This meticulous examination of serum lipid parameters aimed to provide valuable insights into the impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on these key metabolic factors.

The results obtained from the study were carefully documented in a Microsoft Excel sheet. To derive meaningful insights and statistical analysis, the data was then analyzed using SPSS software. The statistical analysis involved utilizing the Chi-square test to assess the level of significance. A P-value of less than 0.05 was considered statistically significant, indicating a meaningful and noteworthy result in the context of the study.

In the present study, a total of 60 subjects scheduled to undergo laparoscopic cholecystectomy were analyzed. Mean age of the patients of the present study was 40.5 years. 50 percent of the patients of the present study belonged to the age group of 40 to 50 years. 60 percent of the patients of the present study were females while the remaining were males. In this current study, the mean Total Cholesterol (TC) levels preoperatively were recorded at 163.5 mg%, and postoperatively they decreased to 150.8 mg%. Similarly, the mean High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels before surgery were 45.1 mg%, and postoperatively they decreased to 42.8 mg%. On the other hand, mean Triglyceride (TG) levels saw an increase from 190.8 mg% preoperatively to 210.8 mg% postoperatively.

Importantly, the comparison of mean TC levels and mean TG levels before and after the surgery showed statistically significant results, underscoring the impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on these lipid parameters.In this current study, the mean Total Cholesterol (TC) levels before surgery were measured at 160.5 mg%, and after surgery, they decreased to 150.8 mg%. Similarly, the mean High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels preoperatively were 40.1 mg%, and postoperatively, they decreased to 38.8 mg%. Conversely, mean Triglyceride (TG) levels exhibited an increase from 180.8 mg% preoperatively to 200.8 mg% postoperatively.

Crucially, when comparing the mean TC levels and mean TG levels before and after the surgery, the results demonstrated statistical significance, highlighting the impact of laparoscopic cholecystectomy on these lipid parameters.

Gallstones are a prevalent issue in the Western world, with an incidence rate of approximately 1.4 per 100 individuals per year [1]. They are broadly categorized into three main types: cholesterol, pigment, or mixed stones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has emerged as the primary surgical approach for the treatment of benign gallbladder disease. This procedure offers several advantages over laparotomy, including smaller incisions, minimized surgical trauma, reduced postoperative pain, quicker recovery, shorter hospitalization, and a faster return to normal daily activities and work.

Based on available evidence, over 50% of patients with gallstones exhibit some form of lipid disorder [6, 7, 8]. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the serum lipid profile in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, recognizing the potential relationship between gallstones and lipid metabolism. The demographic data is given in Table 1 and the comparison of preoperative and postoperative lipid profile is presented in Table 1.

Gallstones are a prevalent issue in the Western world, with an incidence rate of approximately 1.4 per 100 individuals per year [1]. They are broadly categorized into three main types: cholesterol, pigment, or mixed stones. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has emerged as the primary surgical approach for the treatment of benign gallbladder disease. This procedure offers several advantages over laparotomy, including smaller incisions, minimized surgical trauma, reduced postoperative pain, quicker recovery, shorter hospitalization, and a faster return to normal daily activities and work.

Based on available evidence, over 50% of patients with gallstones exhibit some form of lipid disorder [6, 7, 8]. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the serum lipid profile in patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy, recognizing the potential relationship between gallstones and lipid metabolism.

In the current study, the mean age of the patients was found to be 40.5 years. Remarkably, 50 percent of the study participants fell within the age range of 40 to 50 years. Furthermore, the study included 60 percent female patients, with the remaining being male.

Historical evidence from 30 years ago suggests that approximately half of the patients with gallstones exhibited an abnormal lipid profile. This is significant as it elevates their risk of developing coronary artery disease and stroke. Recent European studies have further reinforced this connection, revealing that hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and low levels of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL) are common findings in patients with cholelithiasis. It is well-established that these lipid abnormalities can, in turn, serve as risk factors for coronary artery disease and stroke [8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]. In the current study, the mean preoperative Total Cholesterol (TC) levels were measured at 165.5 mg%, and postoperatively, they decreased to 152.8 mg%. Similarly, the mean preoperative High-Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol (HDL-C) levels were 45.1 mg%, and postoperatively, they decreased to 42.8 mg%. Conversely, mean preoperative Triglyceride (TG) levels were 190.8 mg%, and postoperatively, they increased to 210.8 mg%. Recent studies have consistently demonstrated a strong association between cholelithiasis and lipid abnormalities, including hypertriglyceridemia, hypercholesterolemia, and low levels of HDL-C. These findings further emphasize the link between gallstone formation and disruptions in lipid metabolism.

Based on the data obtained in this study, it can be concluded that significant alterations occur in the serum lipid profile of patients undergoing laparoscopic cholecystectomy. These changes in the lipid profile are likely to have a substantial impact on the development of coronary artery diseases in patients who have undergone cholecystectomy. This suggests that monitoring and managing lipid profiles may be important for the long-term health of these patients, especially in relation to their risk of coronary artery diseases.

This research paper received no external funding.

The authors declare no conflicts of interest.

All authors contributed equally to this paper. They have all read and approved the final version.

Informed consent was obtained from all participates in the study as needed.

1. Sandler, R. S., Everhart, J. E., Donowitz, M., Adams, E., Cronin, K., Goodman, C., ... & Rubin, R. (2002). The burden of selected digestive diseases in the United States. Gastroenterology, 122(5), 1500-1511.
2. Aerts, R., & Penninckx, F. (2003). The burden of gallstone disease in Europe. Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics, 18(3), 49-53.
3. Zhao, J., Xiao, L., Zhu, H., Shu, Y., & Cheng, N. (1997). Change of serum lipid, apolipoprotein during cholesterol gallstone formation in rabbit model. Journal of West China University of Medical Sciences, 28(4), 361-364.
4. Mayne, P. D. (1994). Clinical Ehemistry in Diagnosis and Treatment. In Zilva, Edward Arnold, New York, USA, 317-325.
5. Al-Kataan, M. A. G., DallalBashi, A. Y., & Al-Khyatt, M. K. (2010). Some serum lipid profile and glucose levels pre- and post- cholecystectomy. Journal of the Bahrain Medical Society, 22(1), 18-22.
6. Malik, A. A., Wani, M. L., Tak, S. I., Irshad, I., & Ul-Hassan, N. (2011). Association of dyslipidaemia with cholilithiasis and effect of cholecystectomy on the same. International Journal of Surgery, 9(8), 641-642.
7. Tang, W. H. (1996). Serum and bile lipid levels in patients with and without gallstones. Journal of Gastroenterology, 31(6), 823-827.
8. Angelin, B., & Leijd, B. (1980). Effects of cholic acid on the metabolism of endogenous plasma triglyceride and on biliary lipid composition in hyperlipoproteinemia. Journal of Lipid Research, 21, 1-9.
9. Gastroenterology, B. Y. V. P. (2006). Up-to-date guide. Moscow: Exma, 112.
10. Roda, E., Aldini, R., Mazzella, G., Roda, A., Sama, C., Festi, D., & Barbara, L. (1978). Enterohepatic circulation of bile acids after cholecystectomy. Gut, 19(7), 640-649.
11. Almond, H. R., Vlahcevic, Z. R., & Bell, C. C. (1973). Bile acid pools, kinetics and biliary lipid composition before and after cholecystectomy. The New England Journal of Medicine, 289, 1213-1216.
12. Krondl, A., Vavrinkova, H., & Michalec, C. (1964). Effect of cholecystectomy on the role of the gall bladder in fat absorption. Gut, 5, 607-610.
13. Chavez-Tapia, N. C., Mac Kinney-Novelo, I., Sifuentes-Renteria, S. E., Torres-Zavala, M., Castro-Gastelum, G., Sanchez-Lara, K., ... & Mendez-Sanchez, N. (2012). Association between cholecystectomy for gallstone disease and risk factors for cardiovascular disease. Annals of hepatology, 11(1), 85-89.
14. Jawad, A. H., Alwan, N. A., & Al-Assadi, I. J. (2006). Action of cholecystectomy and the alcoholic extract of Taraxacum officinal} leaves on plasma lipid profile in rabbits. Journal of Basrah Researches, 32(1), 35-42.